Эссе / Путешествия (на англ.) - страница 3

Many pupils go on school trips. Some people say they are interesting and educational. Other people say that they are a waste of time and children should learn in the classroom.
Most teachers are convinced that there is more to learning than lessons in the classroom. That is why they try to create memorable learning experiences with the help of educational school trips.
School trips include a wide range of outdoor educational and residential courses, designed to stimulate, educate and motivate pupils. To my mind, school trips help teachers inspire pupils and bring subject areas to life. School trips broaden children’s mind, improve their knowledge of history and geography and make their lives interesting and eventful. Whether pupils want an educational school trip within their country or abroad their aim is the same: to enjoy sightseeing, to discover new things, to meet interesting people and to get wonderful impressions and learning experiences which educate, excite and inspire.
However, some parents don’t think that school trips are essential. They believe that pupils can learn everything staying in the classroom. Other parents don’t like the fact that they have to pay for most school trips. Moreover, Moms and Dads are often afraid of possible dangers and difficulties which may arise during any school trip. Nevertheless, statistics show that school trips are usually safe for children. But reasonable safety measures are still required.
To sum up, a school trip is a challenging, rewarding and always exciting experience. Pupils will have fun while learning new skills and capabilities. There is no better way to foster team building, positive attitudes and a sense of personal achievement. I think that school trips will certainly benefit pupils’ performance back at school.
 
There are people, who think that the best way to travel in a town or in a city is on foot. However a lot of others prefer driving a car or using public transport.
Today everybody understands that time is money. We can’t afford to spend much time on the road, so we use cars and public transport to travel faster.
On the one hand, we shouldn’t forget that we can use our legs. In my opinion, when people travel on foot, they can see much more on their way and enjoy the sights of a town or a city. We can stop wherever we want and admire a beautiful church or monument or drop at a cafe or a shop. We won’t be stuck in a traffic jam for several hours and we will certainly avoid road accidents. What is more, travelling on foot is much healthier that travelling by car or by bus. Walking is a perfect physical exercise that strengthens the immune system, improves mental health and helps prevent many diseases.
On the other hand, travelling by car or by bus saves much time and effort. A lot of people prefer driving cars as they have speed and comfort combined. When you travel by car, you don’t depend on the weather. For example, if it rains you won’t get soaked. If it is cold, you can turn on a heater. While driving, you can listen to music or the latest news on the radio. Public transport is not as popular as cars. Nevertheless, thousands of people use it every day of their lives.
To conclude, it’s up to you to decide whether to travel on foot, to drive a car or to use public transport. As for me, I am young and energetic and I am for travelling on foot.

Space is the only country which can be seen from anywhere in the world by simply lifting the head and vperiv look to the heavenly heights. Strictly speaking, the bottomless Blue Dome over our Crown is nothing less than the Earth’s atmosphere, and it starts the absolute Nothing (or absolute All, who like). Due to the refraction of sunlight in her natural color is black Space is transformed into a lazorevost′ sunny day or a gentle gray veil beginning dusk. The true utter blackness appears only when you exit the internal layers of the Earth’s atmosphere — and at the moment it saw no more than 500 people from the 7 billion people on the planet. It happens gradually: If the invisible artist spolaskivaet Watercolor Brush in the transparent Bowl, first zapačkannuû in blue paint, then blue, then in deep purple and finally black.

Last weekend I went to Moscow with my parents. (В прошлые выходные Я ездил с родителями в Москву). It’s a beautiful city with huge population! (Это красивый город с огромным населением). First of all, I visited the Tretyakov Gallery. (В первую очередь я посетил Третьяковскую Галерею). It’s the best time of my life! (Это самое лучшее время в моей жизни). I saw great pictures of well-known artists. (Я видел великие картины известных художников). I was amazed at the pictures of Vrubel most of all. (Больше всего я был поражен картинами Врубеля). For example, "The demon sitting" is one of the great masterpieces of Russia. ( НАпример, "Демон сидящий" - один из из самый великих шедевров в России. ) Also I walked in the city centre and saw many wonderful places such as the Kremlin, Red Square, but most of all I liked St. Basil Cathedral. (Также я гулял в центре города и видел много замечательных мест такие как Кремль, Красная Площадь, но больше всего мне понравился Собор Василия Блаженного. ) It looks like a magic castle because of his multicolored cupolas and towers. (Он похож на волшебный замок из-за своих разноцветных куполов и башенок). In the evening all Moscow was lighted up by neon lamps. (Вечером вся Москва была освещена неоновыми лампами). It’s the most magnificent time here. (Это самое изумительное (величественное) время здесь). Also there’re a vast number of flower-beds, fountains, monuments. (также здесь огромное кол-во цветочных клумб, фонтанов, памятников). I will definitely come back here! (Я обязательно сюда вернусь)

Every country and every nation has its own traditions and customs. I think we should know traditions and customs of different people. And we should respect them.  

Great Britain is an  island which lies between the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The total area is 242,534-sq. km. The population is 57 mil people. The largest and the most populated part of the UK is England. Its population is 47. 837 mil people and its capital is London. Scotland is the most northern part of the island of GB. Its population is over 5 mil people. The capital of Scotland is Edinburgh. There are a lot of places of interest in Great Britain: Stonehenge and Hadrian Wall, Durham castle and York Cathedral, Steam Boat Museum, National Railway Museum, Westminster Abbey, the Houses of Parliament, Buckingham Palace, St Paul’s Cathedral, London Bridge, the Tower of London. On the Houses of Parliament one can see the famous Tower Clock Big Ben, the symbol of London. In Great Britain there is no written constitution. Great Britain is a constitutional monarchy headed by King (now Qeen, Elixabeth the second). Politeness is a characteristic feature of Englishmen. They often say "Thank you", "Sorry", "Beg your pardon". Englishmen have many traditional holidays, such as Christmas, St. Valentine’s Day, Mother’s day, Easter and others.

Russia is the largest country in the world. It’s total area is over 17 million square kilometers. Its population is of 200 million people. There are 1,030 towns and cities in our country. Moscow, with 9,5 million people, is the capital. The country is washed by the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Pacific Ocean in the east. These two cities have the majority of Russian sights. For example, the Kremlin, which is situated in the heart of Moscow, the Bolshoi Theater, which is also in Moscow and many others. Saint-Petersburg is famous by its magnificent architecture. Almost every building in the city looks like a rare masterpiece. Many people take trips along some Russian cities, called Golden Ring. The Golden Ring of Russia includes such cities as Suzdal, Vladimir, Ivanovo, Yaroslavl and many others. These cities are famous for their rich history and ancient churches.

 I was traveling a lot, but only by train and in summer. I know that it takes a lot of time, but you can have a good sleep there before you’ll visit no end of sights. You’ll have no problems with tickets, because it’s easy to buy them in the Internet or at the railway station nearby from you. In every country there is their own web-site, which you can find easily with, different searching systems. If you buy some tickets within, for example, a month, you can choose the cheapest variant of the most cool class. It’s comfortable for us, that tickets can be used for 24 hours. That’s why you get more flexibility in your route. You shouldn’t be worry about being tired after that. But there are some pluses in traveling by car. I know, it takes a little more time and a little more powers than traveling by airplane or train, but it gives you more suppleness, for instance, you liked this or that village while you were driving. You wanted and you stopped and went to see cows you liked. What’s more, you won’t have problems with lots of bags. But you need two or even more drivers, because when you’ll be tired who will drive instead of you? So, there are lots of ways to choose. It depends on you.

Travel Essay
The nature of travel, often prolonged and unpredictable, is perhaps at odds with the concision of the essay form. Traveling lends itself to fragmentary modes—letters, notebooks, journals—which somehow swell to fill long books. Observations on manners, morals, and monuments; autobiographical and anecdotal digressions; the flow of narrative incident, reminiscence, and analysis—all seem to require leisurely and expansive treatment.
None of the earliest travel writers appears to have written in a form that could safely be called an essay. Herodotus produced a History of the Persian Wars, and Pausanius wrote a guidebook for second-century Roman travelers in Greece. The Venetian Marco Polo recounted his travels to China, and the medieval Berber, Ibn Battuta, told of visiting most of the known world. Explorers of the 15th and 16th centuries, including Christopher Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci, Bernal Diaz del Castillo, and Sir Walter Ralegh kept journals and wrote letters describing the marvels they encountered. But none of them, it seems, wrote travel essays.
Montaigne’s famous essay, “Des cannibales” (1580; “Of Cannibals”), does not narrate his own travels, but reflects on the customs of different cultures, and the relative nature of barbarism: “each man calls barbarism whatever is not his own practice.” (Montaigne also kept a Journal de Voyage en Italie which was not published until 1774.) Francis Bacon’s essay “Of Travel” (1625) advises young men what to see, and recommends keeping a diary. In 1763 Richard Hurd published “On the Uses of Foreign Travel,” a dialogue
concerning the value of travel.
In the 18th century nearly every major writer tried his hand at writing a travel book— Defoe, Fielding, Smollett, Sterne, Johnson, Boswell, Goethe—but well-known travel essays are in short supply. In 1792 William Gilpin published his Three Essays: On Picturesque Beauty; On Picturesque Travel; and on Sketching Landscape. One might argue that the letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, written in Turkey from 1716 to 1718, should count as travel essays. Wife of the British ambassador to Turkey, Lady Mary sent home hundreds of polished and witty letters, each a mini-essay about some aspect of Turkish life. Her trenchant observations on the contrasting merits of Turkish and British society place her among the most celebrated travel writers.
The great essayist William Hazlitt wrote “On Going a Journey” (1822), which extols the pleasures of traveling alone: “the soul of a journey is liberty.” In 1826 he published a series of essays, Notes of a journey Through France and Italy; though he calls travel a splendid dream, he concludes that “our affections must settle at home.”
The Victorians’ appetite for travel books has probably never been equaled, but they tended to devour multi-volume tomes rather than succinct essays. Richard Burton alone produced 43 volumes of travel, and none of the era’s classics—Frances Trollope’s Domestic Manners of the Americans (1832), Alexander Kinglake’s Eōthen, or, Traces of Travel Brought Home from the East (1844), Charles Doughty’s Travels in Arabia Deserta (1888), and Mary Kingsley’s Travels in West Africa (1897)—is short. If the definition of the essay can be stretched once again to include letters, Isabella Bird’s bestknown work, A Lady’s Life in the Rocky Mountains (1879), recounts in a series of lively vignettes her adventures in the American West.
Leslie Stephen’s delightful mountaineering essays in The Playground of Europe (1871) were originally written for the Alpine Journal. Robert Louis Stevenson’s Essays of Travel were collected in 1905, yet he is better known for his charming account of Travels with a Donkey in the Cevennes (1879). Rudyard Kipling wrote Letters ofTravel (1892–1913) (1920), a series of newspaper articles describing his visits to North America, Japan, and Egypt; later he published Brazilian Sketches (1927) and Souvenirs of France (1933).
Although the most popular 19th-century American travel writer, Mark Twain, wrote mainly long, humorous travel books—Innocents Abroad (1869), Roughing It (1872), A Tramp Abroad (1880)—other American authors produced admirable travel essays. Ralph Waldo Emerson visited England twice, in 1833 and 1847, and later published English Traits (1856) on topics such as manners, character, the aristocracy, and universities. For most travelers, personal experience forms the basis of their narratives, but Emerson preferred analysis to autobiography. His essays are prone to sweeping generalizations: “the one thing the English value is pluck.”
Unlike Emerson, who claimed to travel unwillingly, Henry James was an inveterate and passionate traveler. He published several volumes of travel essays: Transatlantic Sketches (1875), Portraits of Places (1883), and A Little Tour in France (1884, revised 1900); some travel essays reappeared in English Hours (1905) and Italian Hours (1909).

                       На английском.
I have a friend. He loved to travel. One day he flew by plane to a country where people spoke English. He knew English well and therefore he understood what they were talking about. He met with the English. And he learned how they live. The Armenians told us many new and interesting things.
                                 На русском.
У меня есть друг. Он любил путешествовать. Однажды он полетел на самолете в страну где люди разговаривали на английском. Он хорошо знал английский  и поэтому понимал о чем говорят. Познакомился он с английчанами. И узнал как они проживают. Английчане рассказывали много нового и интересного.

Марко Поло
В 1271 отец и дядя Поло решили взять в путешествие своего 17-ти летнего сына Марко. Так началось знаменитое 24 летнее путешествие Марко Поло. Путь до Китая был долгий. Старый хан Хубилай принял семью Поло очень радушно. Старшие Поло занимались торговлей, а юноша выполнял дипломатические поручения хана. Он бывал во многих районах от побережья до Восточного Тибета.
Семья Поло прожила в Китае 17 лет. Весной 1292 года флот из четырнадцати четырех мачтовых кораблей отплыл из порта Зайтун. Во время путешествия вокруг восточных и южных берегов Азии Марко Поло узнал о Японии, о островах Индонезии, о стране Чамбо на восточном берегу Индокитая. Из Тихого океана в Индийский корабли прошли Малаккским проливом, сделали трехмесячную остановку на берегу о-ва Суматра.
После остановки на о-ве Цейлон и плавания вдоль западных берегов Индии корабли вошли в Персидский залив и бросили якорь в городе Ормузе. Во время плавания по индийскому океану Марко Поло удалось получить некоторые сведения об африканском побережье, Эфиопии, о-вах Мадагаскар, Занзибар и Сокотра.
Семья Поло добралась до черноморского города Тробзона и оттуда на корабле вернулись в Венецию.

Travelling By CarПутешествие на машинеTravelling is one of the most pleasant pastimes for me. I love seeing new places, meeting new people and learning about other cultures. There are many ways to travel, for example, by train, by plane, by bus, by car, by ship. I prefer travelling by car, because it gives the freedom of movement. You can stop whenever you want and wherever you want just to admire the beauty of nature. Travelling by car opens plenty of opportunities from the comfort of your seat. I usually travel with my parents. My dad is an excellent driver and he likes stopping by some nice places on the way. Last time we travelled by car was in May. We drove from Sochi to Sukhumi, which is in Abkhazia. Some of our distant relatives live there, so we decided to visit them. While we were driving, I’ve noticed that Abkhazian nature is splendid. There are so many beautiful plants, lakes and waterfalls on the way. We stopped twice to admire the view. I managed to take some memorable pictures. Of course, every travel mode has its pros and cons. Everybody would agree that travelling by car is fast and comfortable. You don’t have to wait for the right time, as you do with public transport. You have enough privacy and you don’t have to share space with strangers. You can listen to your favorite music or radio channel. You can park wherever you need, which is impossible when travelling by train or plane. However, there are certain disadvantages. For example, cars are considered to be the most dangerous means of transport. There are thousands of car accidents on the roads. Apart from that, petrol is getting more and more expensive. Unfortunately, modern cars cannot function without it. Last but not the least the drivers have to change the car wheels depending on the season. Despite all these disadvantages, I still like travelling by car and find it to be the most comfortable way of travel. I hope to buy my own car

TRAVELLING

Modern life is inconceivable without travelling. Millions of people all over the world travel every day either on business or for pleasure. They are eager to see other countries and continents, to enjoy picturesque landscapes, to learn other peoples’ traditions, to discover different ways of life, to meet new friends, to try various cuisines – in short, to get new impressions. And to practice in foreign languages as well! 
Most travelers and holiday-makers equip themselves with cameras and take pictures of exciting views of buildings, monuments, waterfalls, forests, plants and animals. These photos will remind them of the happy time of holiday. 
Basically, there are four means of travelling: by air, by rail, by sea or by road. 
Travelling by air is the fastest one, but it is the most expensive. Sometimes you have to change planes, which may be inconvenient and even painful, if there are delays of flights. However, there is none of the dust and dirt of a railway or car journey. Modern planes move so smoothly that virtually nobody gets airsick. 
Travelling by railway seems more interesting. With a train you have speed, comfort and pleasure combined. From the comfortable seat of a railway carriage you observe picturesque sceneries of the country you are travelling through. You can have a meal in the dining-car or a wonderful bed in a sleeper. Unfortunately, nowadays trains are not so cheap, especially in Europe. 
Travelling by ship is also rather popular. Some people enjoy such voyages, but they do not suit me because I get seasick. 
Many people, including me, like travelling by car. It is highly fascinating, since you can see numerous sights in a short time, you can stop wherever and whenever you wish, not having to buy tickets or carry your suitcases. With a GPS you don’t need maps anymore. The only thing to care for is petrol. 
Hiking is a kind of travelling on foot with a rucksack. Personally, I’m both an ardent motorist and a hiker. I am fond of walking to the mountains or to the forest. There is nothing like gathering mushrooms and berries in the forest, swimming in the river, making a bonfire and cooking on it. This kind of pastime teaches us discipline and strong will, overcoming hardships and achieving the goal. 
Sometimes your journey turns out to be a disappointment. It may happen in case the trip is not well organized, or bad weather spoils your plans, or the company who joined your trip is rather dull, or the place from which you had expected much appears to have nothing particular. My own sea experience was a failure for the reason I mentioned before. But never lose a hope for the better trip, and you will make it next time! 
However, sooner or later you will become home-sick and feel like returning home. Indeed, “East or West - home is best”.