Проект / Изобретения (на англ.)

10 inventions of the 20th century that turned our lives
People from ancient times have tried to realize dreams and fantasies in order to simplify and diversify their way of life. We list a few inventions of the 20th century that have changed the habitual outlook on life.
1. X-ray beams
KVNovskaya joke says that the X-ray invented by the deacon Ivanov, who told his wife: "I see through you, bitch, through and through." In fact, electromagnetic radiation was discovered in the late 19th century by the German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen. Turning on the current in the cathode tube, the scientist noticed that a nearby paper screen, covered with crystals of platinocyanide barium, emits a green glow. According to another version, the wife brought dinner to Roentgen, and when she put the plate on the table, the scientist noticed that her bones were shining through the skin. It is well known that Wilhelm for a long time refused to receive a patent for an invention, not counting his studies as a full-fledged source of income. X-rays can be safely attributed to the discoveries of the 20th century.
2. Aircraft
Since ancient times, people have tried to create an aircraft and rise above the ground. But only in 1903, the American inventors of the Wright brothers managed to successfully test their "Flyer-1" equipped with an engine. He was in the air for 59 seconds and flew over the Kitti Hawk valley 260 meters. This event is considered the moment of the birth of aviation. Today without airplanes it is impossible to imagine either the development of business or leisure. "Steel birds" are still the fastest mode of transport.
3. Television
Not so long ago the TV was considered a prestigious thing, emphasizing the status of the owner. At various times many minds worked on its development. Back in the XIX century, the Portuguese professor Adriano De Paiva and the Russian inventor Porfiry Bakhmetev independently advanced the idea of ​​the first device capable of transmitting images on wires. In 1907, Max Dieckmann demonstrated the first television receiver with a screen size of 3x3. In the same year, professor of the Petersburg Institute of Technology Boris Rosing proved the possibility of using a cathode ray tube to convert an electrical signal into a visible image. In 1908, the Armenian physicist Hovhannes Adamyan received a patent for a two-color apparatus for signal transmission. In the late 20-ies of the 20th century in America, the first television set was compiled by the Russian emigrant Vladimir Zvorykin. He managed to break the light beam into blue, red and green colors and get a color image. He called his model "iconoscope." However, in the West, the "father of television" is the Scotsman John Logie Byrd, who patented the device, creating an image of eight lines.
4. Mobile phone
The first phone was demonstrated at the end of the XIX century, and the first mobile phone appeared in the 70s of the twentieth century. When Martin Cooper, a Motorola employee from the department for the development of portable devices, showed colleagues a kilogram tube, they did not believe in the success of the new invention. Walking through Manhattan, he called from his "brick" Joel Engel, the head of the research department of the company-competitor Bell Laboratories, and was the first to apply new technologies in practice. For 15 years before Cooper, the Soviet scientist Leonid Kupriyanovich also successfully carried out such an experiment. Therefore, the question of who owns the palm tree in the field of portable devices is quite controversial. Anyway, "mobile phones" became a discovery of the 20th century, and already firmly entered our life.
5. Computer
Today it is difficult to imagine life without a computer, laptop or tablet. But even recently such devices were used exclusively for scientific purposes. In 1941, the German Konrad Zuse created a mechanical computer Z3, which possessed all the properties of a modern computer, but worked on the basis of telephone relays. A year later, American physicist John Atanasov and graduate student Clifford Berry began developing the first electronic computer, but they did not finish the project. In 1946, the relay was continued by John Mokley, and introduced the first electronic computer to ENIAC. The decades passed before huge machines occupying entire rooms turned into compact devices. The first personal computers appeared only in the late 70-ies of the last century.

Примитивные стиральные машины представляли собой деревянный ящик с подвижной рамой. Первая стиральная машина, запущенная в серийное производство, была создана в 1907 году Уильямом Блэкстоуном, у неё был ручной привод (идут слухи что первую сделал Натаниель БРИГС (Nathaniel Briggs)). В Европе первые стиральные машины начали производить немцы в 1900 г. Современные машины с электрическим приводом появились в 1908 году. Механизация труда практически привела к исчезновению профессии прачки. В 1949 в США появилась первая автоматическая стиральная машина.
Primitive washing machines were a wooden box with a movable frame. The first washing machine, launched in series production, was created in 1907 by William Blackstone, it had a manual drive (there are rumors that the first was made by Nathaniel Briggs). In Europe, the first washing machines were started by the Germans in 1900. Modern machines with electric drive appeared in 1908. The mechanization of labor has practically led to the disappearance of the profession of a laundress. In 1949 the first automatic washing machine appeared in the USA.

A compass is an instrument used for navigation and orientation that shows direction relative to the geographic cardinal directions. A compass is a very useful for people, especially for those, who are in the empty places without internet and modern things. In the ancient times people found the direction due to stars. Until some day some man in the China decided to create a tool for this.
A compass shows the directions north, south, east, and west. The compass was invented more than 2,000 years ago. The first compasses were made of lodestone in Han dynasty China between 300 and 200 BC. The compass was later used for navigation by the Song Dynasty. Later compasses were made of iron needles. Then compasses begin appearing around 1300 in Medieval Europe and the Islamic world. A compass is among the first Great Inventions in the world.

Lectricity
The name came from the Greek word for amber and was coined by Elizabeth I’s physician William Gilbert who was among those who noticed that amber had the power to attract light objects after being rubbed. In the 19th century such great names as Michael Faraday, Humphry Davy, Alessandro Volta and Andre Marie Ampere all did vital work on electricity.
Photography (Early 19th Century)
Leonardo da Vinci had described the camera obscura photographic principle as early as 1515. But it was not until 1835 that Frenchman Louis Daguerre produced camera photography. The system was gradually refined over the years, to the joy of happy snappers and the despair of those who had to wade through friends’ endless holiday pictures.
Telephone (1876)
Edinburgh-born scientist Alexander Graham Bell patented his invention of the telephone in 1876. The following year, the great American inventor Thomas Edison produced the first working telephone. With telephones soon becoming rapidly available, the days of letter-writing became numbered.

In the 1870s two inventors by Elisha gray and Alexander Graham bell independently invented a device that could transmit speech by electricity, which later called the telephone. They both sent the relevant patents in the patent Bureau, the difference in the applications was only a few hours. However, the Alexander Graham Bell received a patent first. Thus, Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell entered into a legal battle for the right to be called the inventor of the telephone, the battle’s won, the Alexander Graham Bell.
Перевод
В 1870-ых годах два изобретателя Илайша Грей и Александр Грехем Белл независимо друг от друга разработали устройства, которые могли передавать речь посредством электричества, которые в последствии назвали телефоном. Они оба направили соответствующие патенты в патентные бюро, разница в подаче заявок была всего лишь в несколько часов. Однако, Alexander Graham Bell  получил патент первым. Таким образом, Elisha Gray и Alexander Graham Bell  вступили в юридическую схватку за право называться изобретателем телефона, сражение выиграл Alexander Graham Bell.

Потому-что самолет это самый быстрый транспорт. Самолет быстрее машин и поездов. Благодаря самолету ты видишь мир с низу, т. К ты можешь почувствовать себя птицей. Ещё самолет известен тем что у него бензин не сбоку, а на крыльях. Нет, самолет не сравниться с воздушным шаром, там уютно и тепло. Также иногда самолет не может приземлиться пока есть бензин, ему нада его сливать и тогда он сядет. В Москве есть специальные места для слива бензина. Вот такая интересная вещь-самолет!

Hard to imagine a modern man that just with a little light bulbs years ago in our life take its first steps. Believe that a simple light bulb invented not one, not two, or even three, and thirteen scientists, is difficult. But it’s actually true. And the reason for that is simple : the fact that the first patented the incandescent lamp, and that lamp, which we use in our day, share exactly 100 years of continuous improvement, held a variety of inventors from around the world.
And each of them has contributed to the history of the invention simple household light bulbs. So to answer the question : Who invented the light bulb, alas, will not work. Starting the conversion of electrical energy into light on the experience of the scientist Vasily Petrov, the phenomenon of a voltaic arc in 1803godu. In 1810, the same discovery by English physicist Devi. Both of them got voltaic arc, using a large battery of elements between the ends of the rod of charcoal. In 1875 Pavel Yablochkov offered a reliable and simple solution for arc lamps. It is located parallel to the carbon electrodes, separated by an insulating layer. The invention was a huge success. In 1877, with their help was first arranged street electricity on Avenue de L 'Opera in Paris. And so it lasted a long time. Different scholars have perfected the light bulb. The last stage was the use of light bulbs improvements noble inert gases (eg argon) to fill the cavity of the lamp. Thanks to this innovation, proposed by Irving Langmuir, modern light bulbs are not only bright, but also durable.